The Shoulder Joint. -- The shoulder joint, formed as it is by the shoulder-blade (scapula), collarbone (clavicle), and the arm bone, is most beautifully designed and executed. It comprises a shallow ball and socket joint, the supporting the freest rotary movements. The shallowness of the socket, however, accounts for the frequent dislocations of this joint; but that is compensated for by the EC, graceful carriage and swaying of the arm, which is deeper socket would not permit.As in the section titled, "The Ribs" this section utilizes the word "freest", I'm assuming this word is some sort of combination of the word free and est, which probably refers to the most amount of freedom allowed or something of that nature. Today we probably use the words maximum range of motion or maximum freedom war something of that nature. We might even use the word freest! Now, I'm not really a betting man. I like to play cards and Texas Hold 'em especially, but I'd be willing to be that the word freest is not a real word anymore. I may not being hitting the poker tables anytime soon with other bets, but I'll take that one any day of the week.
Additional Articles from the Book of Medicine:
- Taxes before Health
I had to take a break to do my taxes last week. For what its worth, it might be interesting to know that when this book was published, people did not have to file income taxes in the United States.
There were other forms of taxes, but not income taxes. I suspect that there may be a correlation to the introduction of income taxes and obesity and heart problems in the US. I doubt anyone will ever be able to fulfil a research project on that to prove it right or wrong any more than they might show that children that drive RC cars recklessly grow up to drive real cars recklessly, but it is an interesting historical perspective.
- THE CLITORIS, URETHRA, VAGINA AND HYMEN.
These female organs show further at the perfection which anatomical plate printing has attained.
Clitoris.—This small organ, it will be seen, is situated at the upper part of the Volvo, or outside parts of the female generative system, it is usually concealed by the lips of the pudenda. It performs a function during sexual intercourse similar to that performed by the penis of the male.
Urethra.–This highly useful organ, common to both sexes, is, as will be seen by the plate, now, or medium, by means of which the urine is carried from the bladder to be voided. It is a delicately lined organ, furnished with retentive valves, and therefore susceptible to a variety of diseases.
Vagina.–This word implies a chief, and is applied to the can out which leads from the uterus (womb) to the external organs of generation in the female sex. Commonly, it implies such external organs, or organ, as depicted in the plate.
Hymen.–The mucous membrane, or virginal membrane, at the entrance of the female sexual organ, or vagina.
In general the author skips through the section very rapidly in a no-nonsense business or away. There is no alliteration, and no religious references. That is not surprising as this was written just after the turn of the century when discussions of these particular topics are not carried out in public and rarely between men and women in public, let alone in a book designed to teach both men and women. Keep in mind, that this book came out 40 to 50 years before the Kinsey studies and books on sexual practices were done and written about. Medicine and Society at a long way to go from this point in time when this section was written.
- Virulence of Lead Poison
Virulence of Lead Poison. — in the celebrated case of the accidental poisoning of the ex-royal family of France, a Claremont, by lead which was taken up in the drinking water, the amount was found not to exceed one grain of metal to the gallon of water. From cases which have since been observed, it would appear that the habitual use of water containing 1/10 or even 1/20 of a grain per gallon, is sometimes attended with danger. In his investigation into the cause of that curious disease, as it was formerly considered, the Devonshire colic, Sir George Baker, who discovered that it was only a form of lead poisoning due to the drinking of cider fermented in lead lined vats and troughs, found that 18 bottles of cider he examined contained four and a half grains of lead, or a quarter of a grain to each bottle.
The poisoning of the French aristocracy may not have originated in France. Some researches believe that lead lined vats may have played a contributing role in the decline of the Roman empire.
Well-to-do Romans painted their walls a rich Pompeian red, which owed its color to a salt of lead or mercury. Lead was used for water pipes, cups, toys, statues, cosmetics, coffins, and roofs, but the most significant source may have been the wine of the wealthy class.S. Columba Gilfillan proposed a theory for Roman decay in 1965 that involved "poisons esteemed as delicious by the ancient well-to-do." Spoilage was a problem in ancient Rome, and vintners discovered that wine tasted better and lasted longer if it was mixed with a concentrated grape syrup called sapa.
Some enterprising Roman probably started up a nice home business making wine ‘taste better’ and in so doing brought about the wasting of the upper class and the possible downfall of Rome as a whole.